Apparatus required :

CCL₄ manometer, H_g manometer.

Procedure :

• Keep the bypass valve completely open and the main valve completely closed. Switch on the pump.
• Connect a CCL₄ manometer across the orifice.
• Open the main valve and set a flow rate of water using the Rotameter.
• Note down the Rotameter reading and manometer reading after a steady state is attained.
• Increase the flow rate by opening the main valve and throttling the bypass valve suitably and repeat step 4.
• Use mercury manometer for higher flow rates.
• Take readings withCCL₄ manometer as well as with H_g manometer.
• Repeat the experiment with different ratios and with different fluids.

Data :

Diameter of the pipe = d =          cm
Diameter of the orifice = d₀=           cm
Density of CCl4 =_CCL4 =                kg/m³
Density of Hg =_Hg =           kg/m³
Density of fluid = =           kg/m³

Viscosity of fluid= = kg/m³ =          cp

Observations :

_Hg = kg/m³

Calculations :

Flow rate:

∆Hm = cm of manometric fluid.
Volumetric flow rate = Q = m³/s

=    m of H₂o
=density of manometric fluid.
Average velocity through the orifice = =    m/s
A₀ = cross sectional areaof orifice = 

Reynolds Number at the orifice = =

=

Coefficient of discharge = Cd =

Plot Q vs and Q vs on ordinary graph(calibration).

Plot C_d vs N_Reo on a semilog graph sheet (with N_Reoon log scale).

Plot log Q vs log .Find the slope and the intercept. Find the coefficient and power of . Comment on the nonlinear flow head relationship. Obtain C_d from the plot.

Results :

• Report on calibration
• Comment on C_d vs N_Reo
• Report the C_d
• Comment on flow head relationship