Determination of stacking fault energy in FCC alloys

Which of the following techniques is used to directly observe stacking faults at the atomic scale in FCC alloys?
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In the calculation of stacking fault energy (SFE) using X-ray diffraction (XRD), which equation is commonly used for FCC materials?
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What does the term ΔGγ->εi mean in the context of thermodynamic calculations of SFE?
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