Procedure

1. The billet material suitable for artificial body implants is selected and prepared with required dimensions.
2. The billet is initially inspected to ensure it is free from surface defects and impurities.
3. The prepared billet is placed inside the Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP) die, ensuring proper alignment with the inlet channel.
4. A punch is positioned at the entrance of the die to apply compressive force on the billet.
5. High pressure is applied using a hydraulic press, forcing the billet to pass through the angular channel without changing its cross-section.
6. During pressing, the billet undergoes severe plastic deformation, resulting in grain refinement through the top-down approach.
7. The billet is removed from the die after one ECAP pass and allowed to cool to room temperature.
8. Multiple ECAP passes may be performed by rotating the billet between passes to achieve uniform ultra-fine grain structure.
9. The processed billet is examined for microstructural refinement and mechanical strength improvement.
10. The refined billet is then considered suitable for manufacturing high-strength, lightweight artificial body implants.