Virtual Labs

A BJT with a very *large* Forward Early Voltage (`VAF`) will show output curves in the active region that are...

a: very steep and sloped upwards. Explanation

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b: almost perfectly flat and horizontal. Explanation

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c: curved downwards at high voltages. Explanation

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d: spaced very close together. Explanation

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The parameter `RC`, or collector series resistance, is best extracted by analyzing which part of the output curve?

a: The slope of the curve in the forward-active region. Explanation

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b: The 'knee' and the slope in the deep saturation region. Explanation

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c: The point where the curves break down at high voltage. Explanation

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d: The vertical spacing between adjacent curves. Explanation

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What is a key difference in how Collector Resistance (`RC`) and Emitter Resistance (`RE`) affect the saturation region?

a: `RC` only affects low base currents, while `RE` only affects high base currents. Explanation

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b: `RC`'s voltage drop depends only on collector current, while `RE`'s drop depends on the sum of collector and base currents. Explanation

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c: `RC` makes the saturation slope steeper, while `RE` makes it flatter. Explanation

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d: Only `RC` causes saturation; `RE` does not affect it. Explanation

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If the vertical spacing between output curves *decreases* at high collector currents (for the same constant step in base current), what phenomenon is this visualizing?

a: The Early effect Explanation

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b: Avalanche breakdown Explanation

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c: Low-current beta roll-off Explanation

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d: High-current beta roll-off Explanation

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If an output curve at a constant, high base current starts to bend *downward* at high collector-emitter voltages, what physical effect is this indicating?

a: The Early effect Explanation

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b: Quasi-saturation Explanation

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c: Self-heating Explanation

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d: Low-current recombination Explanation

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What is the main visual difference between the Early effect and avalanche breakdown on an output plot?

a: The Early effect is a gentle, linear slope, while breakdown is a sharp, dramatic increase in current. Explanation

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b: The Early effect happens at low voltage, breakdown at high voltage. Explanation

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c: The Early effect is a sharp increase, breakdown is a gentle slope. Explanation

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d: They are two names for the same physical effect. Explanation

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The overall vertical position (magnitude) of the collector current curves for given base currents is determined by the ideal forward beta, `BF`. Where is this `BF` parameter itself primarily extracted?

a: From the slope of the output curves in the saturation region. Explanation

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b: From the intersection point of the Early voltage. Explanation

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c: From the ratio of ideal currents on a forward Gummel plot. Explanation

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d: From the breakdown voltage. Explanation

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The 'quasi-saturation' or 'soft knee' effect, where the curve does not enter saturation sharply, is caused by the voltage drop across which parameter?

a: `RB` (Base Resistance) Explanation

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b: `RE` (Emitter Resistance) Explanation

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c: `VAF` (Early Voltage) Explanation

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d: `RC` (Collector Resistance) Explanation

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What is the functional difference between the `BF` (Forward Beta) and `VAF` (Early Voltage) parameters as seen on the output plot?

a: `BF` sets the slope of the curves, while `VAF` sets the spacing between them. Explanation

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b: `BF` sets the spacing between curves, while `VAF` sets the slope of each curve. Explanation

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c: Both `BF` and `VAF` are used to set the slope of the curves. Explanation

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d: Both `BF` and `VAF` are used to set the spacing between curves. Explanation

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An 'ideal' BJT with no Early effect and no parasitic resistances would be shown on an output plot as...

a: a set of perfectly flat, horizontal lines in the active region. Explanation

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b: a set of curves that all slope upwards steeply. Explanation

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c: a set of curves that meet at zero voltage. Explanation

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d: a single curve, regardless of base current. Explanation

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Extraction of bipolar SPICE Gummel-Poon parameters related to forward Output (Ic vs. Vc) characteristics