Procedure:

A. Input Characteristics:

1. Make the circuit connection as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Set the voltage V_CE = 2 V and vary I_B with the help of V_BB and measure V_BE.
3. Set the voltage V_CE = 3 V and vary I_B with the help of V_BB and measure V_BE.
4. Plot a graph of I_B vs. V_BE.
5. Evaluate the dynamic input resistance, which is the ratio of change in V_BE to the resulting change in base current at constant collector-emitter voltage. It is given by ΔV_BE / ΔI_B.
6. The reciprocal of the slope of the linear part of the characteristic gives the dynamic input resistance of the transistor.

B. Output Characteristics

1. Keep I_B constant, say 10 μA, vary V_CE and note down the collector current I_C.
2. Now keep I_B = 20 μA, vary V_CE and note down the collector current I_C.
3. Plot a graph of I_B vs. V_CE.
4. The change in collector-emitter voltage causes a small change in the collector current for a constant base current, which defines the dynamic output resistance and is given as ΔV_CE / ΔI_C at constant I_B, or the output conductance is given by ΔI_C / ΔV_CE with I_B at a constant current.
5. Find the output conductance from the slope of the linear portion of the characteristic curves and also find the small-signal current gain, which is calculated by β = ΔI_C / ΔI_B with V_CE at a constant voltage.

Calculations:

1. Small-Signal Current Gain: β = ΔI_C / ΔI_B with V_CE at a constant voltage.
2. Dynamic input resistance: It is given by ΔV_BE / ΔI_B at constant V_CE.
3. Dynamic output resistance: It is given as ΔV_CE / ΔI_C at constant I_B.

STEP 1:

Follow the instructions and identify the components.

STEP 2:

Follow the instructions and take reading for Input and Output Characteristics.

STEP 3:

Study the plot and verify the values.

STEP 4:

Choose the correct options.