Theory

The Arduino Uno is a popular open-source microcontroller board that is commonly used in various embedded systems applications due to its ease of use and vast community support. The digital pins of an Arduino are used to connect external devices such as LEDs, switches, sensors, etc. In this experiment, we will be using a push button switch to control an LED connected to a digital pin of the Arduino.

When the push button switch is pressed, the input pin of the Arduino is pulled high. The Arduino's program then detects the change in state of the input pin and toggles the output pin connected to the LED, thereby turning it on. When the push button switch is released, the input pin returns to its initial state, and the Arduino program detects this and turns off the LED.

To implement this functionality, we will use the Arduino programming language, which is based on C/C++. The program will be written to continuously monitor the state of the input pin and toggle the state of the output pin based on the state of the input pin. Overall, this experiment will demonstrate the fundamental concept of interfacing a push button switch with a microcontroller and controlling an LED's blinking. This concept can be further extended to implement various applications such as controlling motors, sensors, and other electronic devices.

Now, for programming the inputs and outputs of the Arduino Uno microcontroller. For setting a pin to input or output, the necessary functions are pinMode(), digitalRead(), and digitalWrite(). Let's consider an example for a digital pin: pinMode(pin, mode) is used to set the direction of a pin. The mode can be INPUT or OUTPUT. Setting a pin to INPUT will make the corresponding pin an input. Setting a pin to OUTPUT will make the corresponding pin an output. digitalRead(pin) reads the value of a digital pin, returning HIGH or LOW. digitalWrite(pin, value) writes a HIGH or LOW value to a digital pin.

• Schematic

Components used in simulation: • Microcontroller: Arduino Uno • Red colour LED • Resistor: 220 Ohms • Pushbutton