Procedure:

The simulation will start to play on clicking the 'Power On' button. Now the string starts vibrating. Adjust the knife edges or the magnet to get the maximum vibration. At maximum vibration, the paper rider placed on the string will fall down. Repeat the same for different weight, radius, string material, and environment. Use the Reset button to reset the simulation.

Icons:

• Power On – To start the power supply.
• Power Off – To stop the power supply.

Variable Region:

Slider:

• Weight Rings – To add/remove weight rings.
• Knife Edge A – To move knife edge A.
• Knife Edge B – To move knife edge B.
• Magnet position – To move the magnet.

Combo box:

• Choose Radius – To set different radius.
• Choose String material – To select different types of wires.
• Choose Environment – To select different environments.

Measurement Region:

Showing string frequency.

Button:

• Reset – To reset the simulation.

Procedurefor real lab:

1. Set up the sonometer on a stable bench with the wire stretched between two fixed bridges.
2. Place the knife edges (or bridges) at a suitable distance apart. This is the initial vibrating length L.
3. Hang known weights on the pulley attached to the end of the wire to apply tension. Note the total mass and calculate the tension T = mg.
4. Place a small paper rider (small folded paper) on the middle of the vibrating length.
5. Turn on the Electromagnetic Vibrator to transfer vibrations to the wire.
6. Adjust the length L by sliding the knife edges until maximum vibration is observed (the paper rider jumps or falls off). This indicates resonance.
7. Measure the resonating length using a meter scale. Repeat for different tuning fork frequencies while keeping the tension constant.
8. Repeat the steps for other weights to see the effect of tension if required.
9. Record observations of length and corresponding frequencies.

Procedure for Simulator

1. Adjust the weight of the ring using the "Weight Rings" slider. Note the total mass and calculate the tension using the formula: T = mg.
2. Select the radius of the wire using the "Choose Radius" slider.
3. Choose the string material from the dropdown menu. Available materials include: Copper, Brass, Constantan, and Nichrome.
4. Select the environment using the dropdown menu. Options available: Earth and Moon.
5. Turn on the power of the AC sonometer by clicking the "Power On" button.
6. Adjust the length of the vibrating string using the "Knife Edge B" slider. Move it from right to left. For finer control, use the left arrow key on your keyboard.
7. Observe the point where maximum vibration occurs. This is indicated when the paper rider jumps or falls off. Measure and record this vibrating length as L.
8. Calculate the frequency of the alternating current using Equation (2).

Observation Table

SL No.	Tension (N)	Radius of the String (mm)	Material	Length L (cm)	Frequency f (Hz)
1
2
3
4

Result

The frequency of alternating current= ............ Hz