Description: This simulation demonstrates ripple formation (bellow manufacturing). The tube is axially compressed, producing bulges at equidistant locations. The bulged regions are then collapsed through further axial compression to form bellows. The left section shows the tube and die assembly in section view. Upper and lower dies apply compression, while supports hold the tube ends. A central support initiates bulging under axial load. The material used is mild steel, and hydraulic presses provide compression. The right side displays outer surface view and different stages from initial tube to final bellow.

Description: This simulation shows strain distribution and force variation during ripple formation. The left section displays internal strain distribution with a color scale (blue indicating zero strain). Maximum strain inside the tube reaches approximately 1.4. The top-right section shows strain on the outer surface (average about 0.4). The bottom-right graph illustrates force variation with time during compression by the upper die. The maximum force generated is 0.8896 tonnes.